APPENDIX B: part 2
Literature Survey

Dielectric data were compiled from the literature for the following tissues.

INDEX

Blood
Bone -Cancellous
Bone -Cortical
Bone -Marrow
Breast Fat
Colon
Cornea
Eye Tissues
Fat
Grey Matter
Heart
Kidney
Lens Cortex
Lens Nucleus
Liver
Lung -Deflated
Lung -Inflated
Muscle
Pancreas
Skin -Dry
Skin -Wet
Spleen
Stomach
Vitreous Humour
White Matter


References Cited

Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Blood

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

2.000E+8

7.216E+1

8.538E+1

9.500E-1

4.000E+8

7.291E+1

4.359E+1

9.700E-1

6.000E+8

7.123E+1

3.056E+1

1.020E+0

8.000E+8

7.037E+1

2.539E+1

1.130E+0

Frog (In vivo)

1.000E+9

6.965E+1

2.211E+1

1.230E+0

Schwartz & Mealing, 1985

2.000E+9

6.754E+1

1.546E+1

1.720E+0

4.000E+9

6.552E+1

1.636E+1

3.640E+0

6.000E+9

6.259E+1

1.881E+1

6.280E+0

8.000E+9

6.024E+1

2.078E+1

9.250E+0

1.000E+6

1.800E+3

1.366E+4

7.600E-1

2.500E+6

8.000E+2

5.968E+3

8.300E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

1.000E+7

1.800E+2

1.726E+3

9.600E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

2.500E+7

8.000E+1

7.406E+2

1.030E+0

1.000E+8

5.600E+1

1.977E+2

1.100E+0

1.770E+9

5.620E+1

1.808E+1

1.780E+0

2.990E+9

5.600E+1

1.587E+1

2.640E+0

Human @ 35 degC

9.390E+9

4.780E+1

1.970E+1

1.029E+1

Cook, 1952

2.770E+10

3.020E+1

2.600E+1

4.006E+1

5.000E+4

5.800E+3

1.654E+5

4.600E-1

Human @ 21 degC, Pfutzner, 1984

5.000E+4

3.400E+3

1.510E+5

4.200E-1

Porcine @ 21 degC, Pfutzner, 1984

1.000E+8

8.700E+1

1.510E+2

8.400E-1

Rat (In vivo) @ 23 degC

1.000E+9

6.400E+1

2.678E+1

1.490E+0

Burdette et al, 1980

1.000E+10

4.700E+1

3.146E+1

1.750E+1

4.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.362E+1

3.030E+0

1.000E+10

4.500E+1

1.943E+1

1.081E+1

Human @ 37 degC

3.000E+10

2.400E+1

2.424E+1

4.045E+1

Alison & Sheppard, 1993

1.000E+11

8.000E+0

1.194E+1

6.643E+1

1.000E+3

2.900E+3

1.222E+7

6.800E-1

1.000E+4

2.810E+3

1.222E+6

6.800E-1

Rabbit @ Rm. Temp.

1.000E+5

2.740E+3

1.222E+5

6.800E-1

Schwan, 1956, 1963

1.000E+6

2.040E+3

1.283E+4

7.140E-1

1.000E+7

2.000E+2

1.997E+3

1.111E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Bone Cancellous

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+4

3.000E+3

9.886E+4

5.500E-2

Bovine (femur) @ RT

1.000E+5

8.000E+2

9.886E+3

5.500E-2

De Mercato et al, 1988

1.000E+6

1.000E+2

9.886E+2

5.500E-2

1.000E+2

7.000E+5

3.000E+7

1.669E-1

1.000E+3

1.000E+4

3.000E+6

1.669E-1

Human (distal tibiae) @ 27 degC

1.000E+4

6.000E+2

4.314E+6

2.400E-1

Saha & Williams, 1989

1.000E+5

1.000E+2

4.314E+5

2.400E-1

1.000E+6

5.000E+1

4.314E+4

2.400E-1

1.000E+7

3.300E+1

4.314E+3

2.400E-1

1.100E+6

5.065E+2

1.425E+3

8.640E-2

3.300E+6

1.739E+2

5.915E+2

1.082E-1

1.200E+7

6.663E+1

1.945E+2

1.292E-1

3.600E+7

3.958E+1

7.359E+1

1.477E-1

1.100E+8

2.864E+1

3.114E+1

1.887E-1

Ovine (skull) @ 37 degC

4.000E+8

2.190E+1

1.182E+1

2.601E-1

Gabriel et al, 94

1.200E+9

1.932E+1

6.410E+0

4.256E-1

4.000E+9

1.776E+1

6.400E+0

1.420E+0

9.900E+9

1.264E+1

7.210E+0

3.964E+0

2.000E+10

9.360E+0

6.250E+0

6.957E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Bone Cortical

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+3

2.154E+3

1.204E+5

6.700E-3

1.000E+4

8.580E+2

1.294E+4

7.200E-3

Rat (femur ) @ 37 degC

1.000E+5

2.510E+2

1.528E+3

8.500E-3

Smith & Foster, 1985

1.000E+6

6.300E+1

2.157E+2

1.200E-2

1.000E+7

2.500E+1

3.056E+1

1.700E-2

1.800E+9

8.400E+0

1.498E+0

1.500E-1

3.000E+9

8.350E+0

1.198E+0

2.000E-1

Human (tibia) @ 37 degC

4.600E+9

7.830E+0

1.290E+0

3.300E-1

Cook, 1951 & England, 1950

9.400E+9

7.600E+0

1.434E+0

7.500E-1

2.300E+10

6.300E+0

1.094E+0

1.400E+0

1.000E+2

3.800E+3

2.265E+6

1.260E-2

1.000E+3

1.000E+3

2.319E+5

1.290E-2

1.000E+4

6.400E+2

2.391E+4

1.330E-2

Rat (femur) @ 37 degC

1.000E+5

2.800E+2

2.588E+3

1.440E-2

Kosterich, 1983

1.000E+6

8.700E+1

3.110E+2

1.730E-2

1.000E+7

3.700E+1

4.260E+1

2.370E-2

1.000E+8

2.300E+1

1.032E+1

5.740E-2

1.000E+3

5.900E+3

2.876E+5

1.600E-2

1.000E+4

9.400E+2

2.876E+4

1.600E-2

Bovine (femur) @ RT

1.000E+5

1.900E+2

2.876E+3

1.600E-2

De Mercato et al, 1988

1.000E+6

9.000E+1

2.876E+2

1.600E-2

1.000E+1

4.000E+4

1.025E+7

5.700E-3

1.000E+2

4.000E+3

1.025E+6

5.700E-3

1.000E+3

8.000E+2

1.025E+5

5.700E-3

Bovine (tibia) @ 23 degC

1.000E+4

3.000E+2

1.025E+4

5.700E-3

De Mercato et al, 1992

1.000E+5

1.200E+2

1.079E+3

6.000E-3

1.000E+6

4.000E+1

1.240E+2

6.900E-3

1.000E+7

2.000E+1

1.726E+1

9.600E-3

1.000E+3

8.500E+2

3.236E+4

2.700E-2

1.000E+4

3.000E+2

3.236E+3

2.800E-2

Bovine (femur) @ 21 degC

1.000E+5

1.000E+2

3.415E+2

3.200E-2

Reddy & Saha, 1984

1.000E+6

3.000E+1

5.932E+1

4.200E-2

1.000E+4

3.080E+2

9.527E+3

5.300E-3

Human (distal tibiae) @27 degC

1.000E+5

1.110E+2

1.007E+3

5.600E-3

Saha & Williams, 1989

1.000E+6

4.100E+1

1.204E+2

6.700E-3

1.090E+6

2.086E+2

5.030E+2

3.050E-2

3.950E+6

6.520E+1

1.725E+2

3.790E-2

1.190E+7

3.206E+1

6.767E+1

4.480E-2

3.610E+7

2.207E+1

2.863E+1

5.750E-2

1.090E+8

1.663E+1

1.181E+1

7.160E-2

Ovine (Skull) @ 37 degC (1E6-2E10Hz)

3.950E+8

1.362E+1

4.892E+0

1.075E-1

Gabriel et al, 94

1.080E+9

1.244E+1

3.283E+0

1.973E-1

3.990E+9

1.096E+1

3.513E+0

7.797E-1

1.090E+10

7.851E+0

3.960E+0

2.402E+0

2.000E+10

6.687E+0

3.151E+0

3.505E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Bone Marrow (Infiltrated)

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+3

4.600E+3

3.775E+6

2.100E-1

1.000E+4

1.400E+3

3.775E+5

2.100E-1

1.000E+5

2.500E+2

3.775E+4

2.100E-1

Calf (femur and tibia) @25 degC

1.000E+6

9.000E+1

3.775E+3

2.100E-1

Smith & Foster, 1985

1.000E+7

4.300E+1

3.955E+2

2.200E-1

1.000E+8

1.800E+1

4.494E+1

2.500E-1

1.000E+9

1.800E+1

6.471E+0

3.600E-1

1.090E+6

2.421E+2

1.098E+3

7.000E-2

3.950E+6

4.556E+1

3.244E+2

7.000E-2

1.190E+7

2.842E+1

1.162E+2

8.000E-2

3.610E+7

1.943E+1

4.358E+1

9.000E-2

1.090E+8

1.292E+1

1.712E+1

1.000E-1

Ovine @37 degC

3.950E+8

9.830E+0

5.780E+0

1.300E-1

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

1.147E+1

1.267E+1

9.000E-2

3.940E+8

9.090E+0

5.320E+0

1.200E-1

1.080E+9

8.490E+0

2.640E+0

1.600E-1

3.990E+9

7.910E+0

2.050E+0

4.500E-1

2.000E+10

4.530E+0

2.320E+0

2.580E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Breast Fat

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

5.000E+7

2.100E+1

3.955E+1

1.100E-1

1.000E+8

2.050E+1

1.977E+1

1.100E-1

Human @ 23-25 degC

5.000E+8

1.800E+1

4.674E+0

1.300E-1

Joines et al,1994

9.000E+8

1.500E+1

3.595E+0

1.800E-1

3.200E+9

9.800E+0

2.078E+0

3.700E-1

Human @ 25 degC

3.200E+9

4.600E+1

1.910E+1

3.400E+0

Land & Campbell, 1992

1.000E+8

4.500E+1

1.798E+1

1.000E-1

Rat @ 30 degC

1.000E+9

4.200E+1

6.471E+0

3.600E-1

Joines et al, 1980

2.000E+9

4.200E+1

5.842E+0

6.500E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Colon

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

5.000E+7

5.700E+1

2.193E+2

6.100E-1

1.000E+8

5.200E+1

1.114E+2

6.200E-1

Human @ 23-25 degC

5.000E+8

4.900E+1

2.552E+1

7.100E-1

Joines et al,1994

9.000E+8

4.850E+1

1.857E+1

9.300E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Cornea

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+7

1.500E+2

2.696E+3

1.500E+0

1.000E+8

8.000E+1

2.876E+2

1.600E+0

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

6.000E+1

3.415E+1

1.900E+0

Gabriel et al,1983

3.000E+9

5.500E+1

1.498E+1

2.500E+0

8.500E+9

4.000E+1

1.269E+1

6.000E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Eye Tissues (Sclera)

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+7

6.000E+2

1.618E+3

9.000E-1

1.000E+8

1.000E+2

2.337E+2

1.300E+0

1.000E+9

6.500E+1

2.696E+1

1.500E+0

Rabbit (Retina) @ 37 degC

3.000E+9

6.500E+1

1.558E+1

2.600E+0

Gabriel et al,1983

8.500E+9

6.000E+1

1.692E+1

8.000E+0

1.000E+10

5.000E+1

2.696E+1

1.500E+1

1.000E+7

2.800E+2

1.528E+3

8.500E-1

1.000E+8

8.300E+1

1.977E+2

1.100E+0

Rabbit (Iris) @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

6.000E+1

2.157E+1

1.200E+0

Gabriel et al, 1983

3.000E+9

6.000E+1

1.498E+1

2.500E+0

8.500E+9

5.000E+1

1.903E+1

9.000E+0

1.090E+6

2.502E+4

1.520E+0

3.950E+6

7.264E+3

1.600E+0

1.190E+7

2.420E+3

1.610E+0

3.610E+7

8.030E+2

1.610E+0

1.090E+8

2.675E+2

1.620E+0

3.950E+8

7.563E+1

1.660E+0

Ovine (Aqueous Humour) @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

2.927E+1

1.940E+0

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

7.354E+1

2.522E+2

1.820E+0

3.940E+8

7.489E+1

8.404E+1

1.840E+0

1.080E+9

7.410E+1

3.395E+1

2.040E+0

3.990E+9

7.213E+1

2.058E+1

4.570E+0

1.090E+10

6.172E+1

2.993E+1

1.820E+1

2.000E+10

4.519E+1

3.952E+1

4.398E+1

1.090E+6

2.301E+3

1.008E+4

6.100E-1

3.950E+6

5.882E+2

3.201E+3

7.000E-1

1.190E+7

2.193E+2

1.172E+3

7.800E-1

3.610E+7

1.020E+2

4.243E+2

8.500E-1

1.090E+8

6.682E+1

1.523E+2

9.200E-1

3.950E+8

5.554E+1

4.659E+1

1.030E+0

Ovine (Choroid) @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

5.153E+1

1.998E+1

1.330E+0

Current study measurements

3.940E+8

6.360E+1

5.305E+1

1.160E+0

1.080E+9

6.014E+1

2.353E+1

1.410E+0

3.990E+9

5.669E+1

1.711E+1

3.800E+0

1.090E+10

4.477E+1

2.481E+1

1.509E+1

2.000E+10

3.200E+1

2.770E+1

3.082E+1

1.090E+6

2.170E+3

9.929E+3

6.000E-1

3.950E+6

5.495E+2

3.123E+3

6.900E-1

1.190E+7

2.090E+2

1.137E+3

7.600E-1

3.610E+7

1.006E+2

4.102E+2

8.200E-1

1.090E+8

6.754E+1

1.473E+2

8.900E-1

3.950E+8

5.641E+1

4.533E+1

1.000E+0

Ovine (Iris) @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

5.214E+1

1.954E+1

1.300E+0

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

7.226E+1

1.307E+2

9.500E-1

3.940E+8

6.238E+1

4.769E+1

1.040E+0

1.080E+9

5.865E+1

2.182E+1

1.310E+0

3.990E+9

5.461E+1

1.672E+1

3.710E+0

1.090E+10

4.205E+1

2.411E+1

1.466E+1

2.000E+10

2.985E+1

2.649E+1

2.947E+1

1.090E+6

2.610E+3

7.140E+3

4.300E-1

3.950E+6

1.019E+3

2.615E+3

5.800E-1

1.190E+7

4.143E+2

1.133E+3

7.500E-1

3.610E+7

1.600E+2

4.640E+2

9.300E-1

1.090E+8

8.149E+1

1.756E+2

1.060E+0

3.950E+8

6.135E+1

5.369E+1

1.180E+0

1.190E+9

5.662E+1

2.197E+1

1.460E+0

Ovine (Eye Retina) @ 37 degC

1.300E+8

8.653E+1

1.861E+2

1.350E+0

Current study measurements

3.940E+8

7.037E+1

6.536E+1

1.430E+0

1.080E+9

6.671E+1

2.773E+1

1.660E+0

3.990E+9

6.365E+1

1.813E+1

4.030E+0

1.090E+10

5.274E+1

2.667E+1

1.622E+1

2.000E+10

3.860E+1

3.303E+1

3.675E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Fat (Average Infiltrated)

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+2

2.154E+5

6.866E+6

3.820E-2

1.000E+3

1.468E+4

7.172E+5

3.990E-2

1.000E+4

1.334E+3

7.334E+4

4.080E-2

Bovine @ 25 degC

1.000E+5

2.150E+2

7.603E+3

4.230E-2

Rigaud et al, 1994

1.000E+6

3.800E+1

7.747E+2

4.310E-2

1.000E+7

2.200E+1

8.071E+1

4.490E-2

1.000E+6

3.000E+2

3.056E+3

1.700E-1

2.500E+6

1.000E+2

1.438E+3

2.000E-1

Porcine @ 34-36 degC

1.000E+7

4.000E+1

3.775E+2

2.100E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

2.500E+7

2.000E+1

1.438E+2

2.000E-1

1.000E+8

1.400E+1

3.775E+1

2.100E-1

1.000E+3

1.585E+3

6.291E+5

3.500E-2

1.000E+4

5.840E+2

6.291E+4

3.500E-2

Equine & Canine @ 25 degC

1.000E+5

7.400E+1

6.291E+3

3.500E-2

Smith & Foster,1985

1.000E+6

1.800E+1

6.291E+2

3.500E-2

1.000E+7

1.000E+1

6.291E+1

3.500E-2

4.000E+10

1.100E+1

3.595E+0

8.000E+0

Bovine @ 37 degC

9.000E+10

1.000E+1

1.997E+0

1.330E+1

Edrich & Hardee,1976

4.000E+7

1.400E+1

2.247E+1

5.000E-2

1.000E+8

7.000E+0

3.595E+0

2.000E-2

1.000E+9

6.000E+0

1.079E+0

6.000E-2

1.000E+10

4.000E+0

4.674E-1

2.600E-1

Human

4.000E+7

1.400E+1

2.247E+1

5.000E-2

Schwan, 1955

1.000E+8

7.000E+0

1.258E+1

7.000E-2

1.000E+9

6.000E+0

2.696E+0

1.500E-1

1.000E+10

4.000E+0

8.448E-1

4.700E-1

1.000E+8

4.700E+1

3.775E+1

2.100E-1

Canine (In vivo) @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

1.400E+1

3.775E+0

2.100E-1

Burdette et al, 1980

2.000E+9

1.300E+1

5.662E+0

6.300E-1

1.000E+2

6.373E+4

2.696E+5

1.500E-3

1.000E+3

5.484E+3

3.146E+4

1.750E-3

Porcine (peritoneal

1.000E+4

4.499E+2

4.116E+3

2.290E-3

cavity) @ 22 degC

1.000E+5

9.047E+1

4.638E+2

2.580E-3

Kyber et al, 1992

1.000E+6

2.861E+1

5.878E+1

3.270E-3

1.000E+3

5.000E+4

3.595E+5

2.000E-2

Canine (In situ)

1.000E+3

5.000E+4

1.204E+6

6.700E-2

Schwan 1956, 57, 63

3.200E+9

2.800E+0

2.809E-1

5.000E-2

Human (breast) @ 25 degC

3.200E+9

7.600E+0

1.629E+0

2.900E-1

Land & Campbell, 1992

1.090E+6

2.657E+2

1.016E+3

6.000E-2

3.950E+6

6.317E+1

3.028E+2

7.000E-2

1.190E+7

3.016E+1

1.129E+2

8.000E-2

3.610E+7

1.940E+1

4.246E+1

9.000E-2

1.090E+8

1.387E+1

1.650E+1

1.000E-1

3.950E+8

1.141E+1

5.670E+0

1.200E-1

Ovine @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

1.069E+1

3.040E+0

2.000E-1

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

1.231E+1

1.317E+1

1.000E-1

3.940E+8

1.058E+1

6.100E+0

1.300E-1

1.080E+9

9.710E+0

3.110E+0

1.900E-1

3.990E+9

8.840E+0

2.520E+0

5.600E-1

1.090E+10

6.650E+0

3.300E+0

2.000E+0

2.000E+10

5.070E+0

2.830E+0

3.150E+0

3.000E+5

1.419E+2

1.251E+3

2.088E-2

1.089E+6

6.930E+1

4.285E+2

2.597E-2

3.955E+6

2.267E+1

1.322E+2

2.908E-2

1.089E+7

1.255E+1

5.105E+1

3.094E-2

3.955E+7

8.246E+0

1.571E+1

3.456E-2

1.089E+8

7.018E+0

6.370E+0

3.860E-2

3.955E+8

6.306E+0

2.201E+0

4.844E-2

Human @ 37 degC

1.089E+9

5.964E+0

1.413E+0

8.562E-2

Current study measurements

3.000E+9

4.964E+0

1.568E+0

2.616E-1

1.300E+8

8.014E+0

5.135E+0

3.713E-2

3.936E+8

6.553E+0

2.414E+0

5.286E-2

1.025E+9

6.237E+0

1.399E+0

7.977E-2

3.992E+9

5.905E+0

1.182E+0

2.624E-1

1.039E+10

4.853E+0

1.754E+0

1.014E+0

2.000E+10

3.825E+0

1.483E+0

1.650E+0





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Grey Matter

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

3.000E+9

4.740E+1

1.438E+1

2.400E+0

4.000E+9

4.740E+1

1.348E+1

3.000E+0

8.000E+9

4.200E+1

1.618E+1

7.200E+0

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+10

4.000E+1

1.690E+1

9.400E+0

Steel & Sheppard, 1985

1.400E+10

3.640E+1

1.849E+1

1.440E+1

1.800E+10

3.240E+1

2.037E+1

2.040E+1

1.000E+5

3.800E+3

3.056E+4

1.700E-1

1.000E+6

1.250E+3

3.775E+3

2.100E-1

1.000E+7

3.520E+2

6.291E+2

3.500E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

2.220E+2

3.307E+2

4.600E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

5.000E+7

1.400E+2

2.085E+2

5.800E-1

1.000E+8

9.000E+1

1.240E+2

6.900E-1

1.000E+7

2.367E+2

5.680E+2

3.160E-1

1.000E+8

8.570E+1

1.109E+2

6.170E-1

Mouse @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

4.490E+1

1.666E+1

9.270E-1

Thurai et al, 1984

1.400E+9

4.080E+1

3.016E+1

2.349E+0

1.000E+8

8.540E+1

1.348E+2

7.500E-1

9.000E+8

5.260E+1

2.097E+1

1.050E+0

Rat (In vivo) 32 degC ±1 degC

4.000E+9

4.850E+1

1.878E+1

4.180E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.350E+1

2.427E+1

1.080E+1

1.000E+8

7.300E+1

1.618E+2

9.000E-1

9.000E+8

5.500E+1

2.457E+1

1.230E+0

Feline (In vivo) @ 36 degC

4.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.393E+1

3.100E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.400E+1

1.505E+1

6.700E+0

2.000E+8

6.600E+1

3.865E+1

4.300E-1

Canine (In situ) @ 36 degC

1.000E+9

5.700E+1

2.337E+1

1.300E+0

Burdette et al, 1986

4.000E+9

4.800E+1

1.308E+1

2.910E+0

1.000E+8

7.753E+1

1.114E+2

6.200E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

5.879E+1

1.959E+1

1.090E+0

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

3.001E+1

2.472E+1

1.513E+1

1.000E+5

2.800E+3

3.056E+4

1.700E-1

1.000E+6

9.000E+2

3.415E+3

1.900E-1

Bovine @ 24-25 degC

1.000E+7

2.700E+2

5.393E+2

3.000E-1

Suroweic et al, 1986

1.000E+8

8.300E+1

1.025E+2

5.700E-1

1.000E+7

2.990E+2

9.707E+2

5.400E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 33 degC

1.000E+8

8.100E+1

1.402E+2

7.800E-1

Stuchly et al, 1981

1.000E+9

5.300E+1

2.049E+1

1.140E+0

1.000E+7

3.700E+2

6.795E+2

3.780E-1

1.000E+8

9.000E+1

1.249E+2

6.950E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

4.600E+1

1.799E+1

1.001E+0

Foster et al, 1979

1.000E+10

3.900E+1

1.700E+1

9.457E+0

(in Stuchly & Stuchly, 1980)

1.090E+6

2.028E+3

2.832E+3

1.700E-1

3.950E+6

8.069E+2

1.259E+3

2.800E-1

1.190E+7

3.682E+2

6.262E+2

4.200E-1

3.610E+7

1.706E+2

2.979E+2

6.000E-1

1.090E+8

8.654E+1

1.287E+2

7.800E-1

3.950E+8

5.783E+1

4.349E+1

9.600E-1

Ovine @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

5.228E+1

1.845E+1

1.230E+0

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

8.185E+1

1.164E+2

8.400E-1

3.940E+8

5.872E+1

4.543E+1

9.900E-1

1.080E+9

5.296E+1

2.070E+1

1.240E+0

3.990E+9

4.922E+1

1.440E+1

3.200E+0

1.090E+10

4.034E+1

2.097E+1

1.275E+1

2.000E+10

2.961E+1

2.517E+1

2.800E+1

3.000E+5

1.923E+3

5.830E+3

9.720E-2

1.089E+6

1.307E+3

2.377E+3

1.443E-1

3.955E+6

6.510E+2

1.009E+3

2.220E-1

1.089E+7

3.587E+2

5.423E+2

3.287E-1

3.955E+7

1.513E+2

2.370E+2

5.213E-1

1.089E+8

8.317E+1

1.120E+2

6.793E-1

3.955E+8

5.707E+1

3.797E+1

8.360E-1

Human @ 37 degC

1.089E+9

5.123E+1

1.740E+1

1.057E+0

Current study measurements

3.000E+9

4.697E+1

1.074E+1

1.797E+0

1.300E+8

7.697E+1

1.008E+2

7.300E-1

3.936E+8

5.550E+1

4.017E+1

8.797E-1

1.025E+9

5.050E+1

1.930E+1

1.100E+0

3.992E+9

4.617E+1

1.327E+1

2.943E+0

1.039E+10

3.760E+1

1.880E+1

1.087E+1

2.000E+10

2.663E+1

2.080E+1

2.317E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Heart

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

2.000E+8

7.313E+1

7.909E+1

8.800E-1

4.000E+8

7.227E+1

4.134E+1

9.200E-1

6.000E+8

7.031E+1

2.966E+1

9.900E-1

8.000E+8

6.881E+1

2.494E+1

1.110E+0

Bullfrog (In vivo-muscle)

1.000E+9

6.848E+1

2.229E+1

1.240E+0

@ 22 degC

2.000E+9

6.565E+1

1.591E+1

1.770E+0

Schwartz & Mealing, 1985

4.000E+9

6.259E+1

1.829E+1

4.070E+0

6.000E+9

5.934E+1

2.250E+1

7.510E+0

8.000E+9

5.544E+1

2.582E+1

1.149E+1

1.000E+6

1.500E+3

8.628E+3

4.800E-1

2.500E+6

6.000E+2

3.811E+3

5.300E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

1.000E+7

1.400E+2

1.132E+3

6.300E-1

Hahn et al,1980

2.500E+7

7.000E+1

5.464E+2

7.600E-1

1.000E+8

3.900E+1

1.510E+2

8.400E-1

1.000E+8

6.125E+1

8.269E+1

4.600E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

5.300E+1

2.121E+1

1.180E+0

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

2.875E+1

2.118E+1

1.296E+1

1.000E+4

4.080E+4

8.269E+5

4.600E-1

1.000E+5

5.500E+3

8.628E+4

4.800E-1

Human (muscle) @ 36.8 degC

1.000E+6

1.245E+3

9.527E+3

5.300E-1

Suroweic et al,1987

1.000E+7

3.120E+2

1.240E+3

6.900E-1

1.000E+8

7.190E+1

1.600E+2

8.900E-1

1.000E+1

7.000E+6

1.869E+8

1.040E-1

Canine (In situ-muscle) @ 37 degC

1.000E+2

8.100E+5

1.941E+7

1.080E-1

Schwan 1956, 57, 63

1.000E+3

3.100E+5

2.247E+6

1.250E-1

(in Durney et al, 1986)

1.000E+4

1.000E+5

3.002E+5

1.670E-1

3.000E+5

3.337E+3

3.173E+4

5.297E-1

1.089E+6

1.763E+3

1.100E+4

6.660E-1

3.955E+6

5.137E+2

3.420E+3

7.520E-1

1.089E+7

2.343E+2

1.353E+3

8.183E-1

3.955E+7

1.167E+2

4.150E+2

9.133E-1

1.089E+8

8.017E+1

1.667E+2

1.010E+0

3.955E+8

6.337E+1

5.403E+1

1.190E+0

1.089E+9

5.677E+1

2.663E+1

1.617E+0

Human @ 37 degC

3.000E+9

4.853E+1

2.090E+1

3.483E+0

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

7.720E+1

1.490E+2

1.083E+0

3.936E+8

6.755E+1

5.588E+1

1.223E+0

1.025E+9

6.255E+1

2.785E+1

1.588E+0

3.992E+9

5.478E+1

2.003E+1

4.445E+0

1.039E+10

4.135E+1

2.565E+1

1.483E+1

2.000E+10

2.725E+1

2.545E+1

2.833E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Kidney

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

5.000E+7

1.190E+2

2.481E+2

6.900E-1

Porcine & Bovine @ 37 degC

5.000E+7

1.320E+2

3.990E+2

1.110E+0

Osswald, 1937 (in Stoy et al, 1982)

1.000E+5

1.170E+4

4.494E+4

2.500E-1

1.000E+6

2.540E+3

6.831E+3

3.800E-1

1.000E+7

4.650E+2

1.186E+3

6.600E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

2.760E+2

5.752E+2

8.000E-1

Stoy et al,1982

5.000E+7

1.320E+2

3.307E+2

9.200E-1

1.000E+8

9.200E+1

1.780E+2

9.900E-1

1.000E+4

2.988E+4

1.258E+5

7.000E-2

1.000E+5

7.973E+3

1.977E+4

1.100E-1

Bovine @ 25 degC

1.000E+6

1.573E+3

3.415E+3

1.900E-1

Surowiec et al, 1985

1.000E+7

2.880E+2

6.651E+2

3.700E-1

1.000E+8

7.400E+1

1.204E+2

6.700E-1

1.000E+6

1.300E+3

6.471E+3

3.600E-1

1.000E+7

1.900E+2

8.808E+2

4.900E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

2.500E+7

9.000E+1

4.494E+2

5.500E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

3.500E+1

1.258E+2

7.000E-1

1.000E+4

3.000E+4

2.337E+5

1.300E-1

1.000E+5

9.600E+3

3.775E+4

2.100E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 34.7 degC ±0.9 degC

1.000E+6

2.000E+3

6.112E+3

3.400E-1

Suroweic et al, 1986

1.000E+7

3.500E+2

1.025E+3

5.700E-1

1.000E+8

6.000E+1

1.474E+2

8.200E-1

1.000E+4

8.140E+4

4.314E+5

2.400E-1

1.000E+5

1.120E+4

5.932E+4

3.300E-1

Human @ 36.5 degC

1.000E+6

2.450E+3

8.808E+3

4.900E-1

Suroweic et al, 1987

1.000E+7

4.690E+2

1.384E+3

7.700E-1

1.000E+8

8.350E+1

2.103E+2

1.170E+0

1.000E+8

7.250E+1

1.438E+2

8.000E-1

9.000E+8

5.260E+1

2.057E+1

1.030E+0

Rat (In vivo) @ 32 degC ±1 degC

5.000E+9

4.800E+1

1.499E+1

4.170E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

1.000E+10

3.970E+1

1.751E+1

9.740E+0

1.000E+8

8.500E+1

1.348E+2

7.500E-1

9.000E+8

4.300E+1

1.658E+1

8.300E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 36 degC ±2 degC

4.000E+9

3.950E+1

1.034E+1

2.300E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.100E+1

1.382E+1

6.150E+0

1.000E+8

6.830E+1

9.707E+1

5.400E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

5.577E+1

1.708E+1

9.500E-1

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

3.071E+1

2.508E+1

1.535E+1

5.000E+7

9.700E+1

2.732E+2

7.600E-1

1.000E+8

7.200E+1

1.384E+2

7.700E-1

Human @ 23-25 degC

5.000E+8

6.180E+1

3.451E+1

9.600E-1

Joines et al, 1994

9.000E+8

6.100E+1

2.397E+1

1.200E+0

1.000E+8

7.800E+1

1.833E+2

1.020E+0

Canine (In vivo)

1.000E+9

5.300E+1

2.445E+1

1.360E+0

Burdette et al, 1980

4.000E+9

4.700E+1

1.806E+1

4.020E+0

1.000E+7

2.010E+2

1.007E+3

5.600E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 35 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+8

5.600E+1

1.222E+2

6.800E-1

Stuchly et al, 1981

1.000E+9

4.100E+1

1.708E+1

9.500E-1

1.089E+6

2.718E+3

6.226E+3

3.773E-1

3.955E+6

7.048E+2

2.191E+3

4.821E-1

1.089E+7

3.045E+2

9.540E+2

5.781E-1

3.955E+7

1.254E+2

3.241E+2

7.130E-1

1.089E+8

7.932E+1

1.345E+2

8.148E-1

3.955E+8

6.118E+1

4.382E+1

9.641E-1

1.089E+9

5.615E+1

2.143E+1

1.298E+0

Human @ 37 degC

3.000E+9

4.907E+1

1.716E+1

2.864E+0

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

7.751E+1

1.172E+2

8.476E-1

3.936E+8

6.458E+1

4.480E+1

9.810E-1

1.025E+9

6.002E+1

2.229E+1

1.271E+0

3.992E+9

5.364E+1

1.789E+1

3.973E+0

1.039E+10

4.018E+1

2.379E+1

1.375E+1

2.000E+10

2.813E+1

2.355E+1

2.620E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Lens Cortex

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+7

2.050E+2

9.886E+2

5.500E-1

1.000E+8

6.700E+1

1.168E+2

6.500E-1

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.798E+1

1.000E+0

Gabriel et al, 1983

3.000E+9

4.500E+1

9.587E+0

1.600E+0

8.500E+9

4.000E+1

7.402E+0

3.500E+0

3.000E+9

4.940E+1

1.396E+1

2.330E+0

4.000E+9

4.510E+1

1.348E+1

3.000E+0

8.000E+9

4.120E+1

1.640E+1

7.300E+0

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+10

3.820E+1

1.798E+1

1.000E+1

Steel & Sheppard,1986

1.400E+10

3.440E+1

1.977E+1

1.540E+1

1.800E+10

2.970E+1

2.127E+1

2.130E+1

1.000E+5

7.200E+2

1.833E-1

5.100E-1

Bovine @ 32 degC

1.000E+6

5.800E+2

9.347E+3

5.200E-1

Pauly & Schwan, 1964

1.000E+7

1.790E+2

1.096E+3

6.100E-1

(in Duck, 1990)

1.000E+8

6.600E+1

1.312E+2

7.300E-1

1.000E+8

4.600E+1

7.190E+1

4.000E-1

1.000E+9

3.200E+1

9.527E+0

5.300E-1

Bovine

3.000E+9

3.000E+1

8.988E+0

1.500E+0

Schwan, 1958

1.000E+10

2.800E+1

1.798E+1

1.000E+1

(in Stuchly & Stuchly, 1980)

1.000E+2

9.000E+5

1.079E+7

6.000E-2

1.000E+3

1.500E+5

1.258E+6

7.000E-2

1.000E+4

2.200E+4

1.618E+5

9.000E-2

Frog (whole Lens) 25 degC

1.000E+5

2.200E+3

1.798E+4

1.000E-1

Watanabe et al, 1991

1.000E+6

5.200E+2

2.337E+3

1.300E-1

1.000E+7

8.200E+1

3.236E+2

1.800E-1

1.000E+8

3.700E+1

3.955E+1

2.200E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Lens Nucleus

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+7

5.800E+1

1.079E+2

6.000E-2

1.000E+8

4.600E+1

3.236E+1

1.800E-1

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+9

3.200E+1

1.079E+1

6.000E-1

Gabriel et al,1983

3.000E+9

3.000E+1

4.793E+0

8.000E-1

8.500E+9

2.500E+1

6.344E+0

3.000E+0

4.000E+9

2.750E+1

8.089E+0

1.800E+0

8.000E+9

2.500E+1

1.079E+1

4.800E+0

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+10

2.260E+1

1.079E+1

6.000E+0

Steel & Sheppard, 1986

1.400E+10

2.000E+1

1.143E+1

8.900E+0

1.800E+10

1.760E+1

1.118E+1

1.120E+1

1.000E+5

1.100E+2

6.831E-2

1.900E-1

Bovine @ 32 degC

1.000E+6

8.000E+1

3.505E+3

1.950E-1

Pauly & Schwan, 1964

1.000E+7

6.000E+1

3.595E+2

2.000E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Liver

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

2.500E+7

1.361E+2

3.379E+2

4.700E-1

5.000E+7

8.893E+1

1.833E+2

5.100E-1

Porcine & Bovine @ 37 degC

1.000E+8

7.679E+1

1.007E+2

5.600E-1

Osswald, 1937

2.500E+7

1.361E+2

3.883E+2

5.400E-1

(in Stoy et al, 1982)

5.000E+7

8.893E+1

2.085E+2

5.800E-1

1.000E+8

7.679E+1

1.168E+2

6.500E-1

1.000E+6

1.970E+3

2.696E+3

1.500E-1

1.000E+7

3.380E+2

4.853E+2

2.700E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.900E+2

3.379E+2

4.700E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

5.000E+7

1.100E+2

2.049E+2

5.700E-1

1.000E+8

7.700E+1

1.204E+2

6.700E-1

1.000E+5

1.370E+4

2.876E+4

1.600E-1

1.000E+6

1.970E+3

5.393E+3

3.000E-1

1.000E+7

3.000E+2

8.269E+2

4.600E-1

Rabbit @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.750E+2

3.955E+2

5.500E-1

Stoy et al,1982

5.000E+7

1.100E+2

2.265E+2

6.300E-1

1.000E+8

7.900E+1

1.258E+2

7.000E-1

1.000E+4

1.829E+4

1.977E+5

1.100E-1

1.000E+5

5.677E+3

2.337E+4

1.300E-1

Bovine @ 25 degC

1.000E+6

1.078E+3

3.775E+3

2.100E-1

Surowiec et al, 1985

1.000E+7

1.830E+2

5.752E+2

3.200E-1

1.000E+8

5.300E+1

7.909E+1

4.400E-1

1.000E+2

1.995E+5

1.887E+7

1.050E-1

1.000E+3

3.350E+4

1.941E+6

1.080E-1

1.000E+4

1.778E+4

1.995E+5

1.110E-1

Calf @ 25 degC

1.000E+5

7.079E+3

2.588E+4

1.440E-1

Rigaud et al, 1994

1.000E+6

1.496E+3

4.134E+3

2.300E-1

1.000E+7

2.990E+2

9.707E+2

5.400E-1

1.000E+6

1.300E+3

5.393E+3

3.000E-1

1.000E+7

1.500E+2

7.729E+2

4.300E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

2.200E+7

8.000E+1

3.922E+2

4.800E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

3.800E+1

1.043E+2

5.800E-1

1.000E+3

1.200E+5

6.291E+5

3.500E-2

1.000E+4

5.800E+4

8.988E+4

5.000E-2

1.000E+5

1.400E+4

2.337E+4

1.300E-1

Rabbit @ 25 degC

1.000E+6

1.600E+3

4.314E+3

2.400E-1

Smith & Foster, 1985

1.000E+7

2.150E+2

7.010E+2

3.900E-1

1.000E+8

7.400E+1

9.347E+1

5.200E-1

1.000E+9

5.400E+1

1.528E+1

8.500E-1

1.000E+4

2.400E+4

1.258E+5

7.000E-2

1.000E+5

1.000E+4

1.977E+4

1.100E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 34.8 degC ±0.8 degC

1.000E+6

2.300E+3

4.674E+3

2.600E-1

Surowiec et al,1986

1.000E+7

3.500E+2

8.628E+2

4.800E-1

5.000E+7

8.000E+1

2.624E+2

7.300E-1

1.000E+4

2.101E+4

2.157E+5

1.200E-1

1.000E+5

6.940E+3

2.517E+4

1.400E-1

Human @ 36.8 degC ±0.2 degC

1.000E+6

1.940E+3

4.134E+3

2.300E-1

Surowiec et al, 1987

1.000E+7

4.090E+2

7.370E+2

4.100E-1

1.000E+8

7.390E+1

1.258E+2

7.000E-1

1.000E+8

7.130E+1

1.150E+2

6.400E-1

9.000E+8

4.820E+1

1.857E+1

9.300E-1

Rat (In vivo) @ 32 degC ±1 degC

5.000E+9

4.350E+1

1.366E+1

3.800E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

1.000E+10

3.540E+1

1.591E+1

8.850E+0

1.000E+8

8.200E+1

1.132E+2

6.300E-1

9.000E+8

5.100E+1

1.997E+1

1.000E+0

Feline (In vivo) @ 36 degC

4.000E+9

4.550E+1

1.213E+1

2.700E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.100E+1

1.281E+1

5.700E+0

1.000E+8

5.683E+1

5.752E+1

3.200E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

5.462E+1

1.546E+1

8.600E-1

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

3.213E+1

2.450E+1

1.499E+1

5.000E+7

6.900E+1

1.726E+2

4.800E-1

1.000E+8

6.200E+1

8.808E+1

4.900E-1

Human @ 23-25 degC

5.000E+8

5.200E+1

2.517E+1

7.000E-1

Joines et al, 1994

9.000E+8

5.110E+1

1.897E+1

9.500E-1

1.000E+3

1.100E+5

1.079E+6

6.000E-2

1.000E+4

6.200E+4

1.258E+5

7.000E-2

Rabbit @ 25 degC

1.000E+5

1.500E+4

2.876E+4

1.600E-1

Smith et al, 1986

1.000E+6

1.500E+3

5.393E+3

3.000E-1

1.000E+7

2.620E+2

7.729E+2

4.300E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 35 degC ±5 degC

1.000E+8

6.500E+1

1.061E+2

5.900E-1

Stuchly et al, 1981

1.000E+9

4.800E+1

1.708E+1

9.500E-1

1.000E+1

1.600E+7

1.474E+8

8.200E-2

1.000E+2

8.750E+5

1.690E+7

9.400E-2

1.000E+3

1.500E+4

1.851E+6

1.030E-1

Canine (In situ) @ BT

1.000E+4

5.500E+4

2.121E+5

1.180E-1

Schwan 1956, 57, 63

1.000E+1

1.600E+7

2.139E+8

1.190E-1

1.000E+2

8.750E+5

2.247E+7

1.250E-1

1.000E+3

1.500E+4

2.337E+6

1.300E-1

1.000E+4

5.600E+4

2.624E+5

1.460E-1

1.000E+1

5.000E+7

2.157E+8

1.200E-1

1.000E+2

8.500E+5

2.337E+7

1.300E-1

Canine (In situ)

1.000E+3

1.300E+5

2.337E+6

1.300E-1

Schwan & Kay, 1957

1.000E+4

5.500E+4

2.696E+5

1.500E-1

3.000E+9

4.200E+1

1.198E+1

2.000E+0

Bovine @ 37 degC, Brady et al, 1981

3.000E+5

1.993E+3

1.512E+4

2.524E-1

1.089E+6

1.174E+3

5.378E+3

3.259E-1

3.955E+6

3.859E+2

1.788E+3

3.934E-1

1.089E+7

1.585E+2

7.360E+2

4.460E-1

3.955E+7

7.118E+1

2.278E+2

5.011E-1

1.089E+8

5.097E+1

8.995E+1

5.451E-1

3.955E+8

4.309E+1

2.887E+1

6.351E-1

Human @ 37 degC

1.089E+9

3.967E+1

1.507E+1

9.134E-1

Current study measurements

3.000E+9

3.346E+1

1.316E+1

2.197E+0

1.300E+8

5.396E+1

8.547E+1

6.182E-1

3.936E+8

4.711E+1

3.217E+1

7.044E-1

1.025E+9

4.432E+1

1.644E+1

9.373E-1

3.992E+9

3.931E+1

1.290E+1

2.865E+0

1.039E+10

3.002E+1

1.684E+1

9.735E+0

2.000E+10

2.123E+1

1.669E+1

1.857E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Lung Deflated

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+6

5.000E+2

2.696E+3

1.500E-1

1.000E+7

1.200E+2

4.494E+2

2.500E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

2.500E+7

6.000E+1

2.229E+2

3.100E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

2.200E+1

6.471E+1

3.600E-1

1.000E+4

5.000E+4

2.517E+5

1.400E-1

1.000E+5

1.000E+4

3.955E+4

2.200E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 34 degC

1.000E+6

1.500E+3

5.752E+3

3.200E-1

Suroweic et al, 1987

1.000E+7

2.500E+2

8.628E+2

4.800E-1

1.000E+8

5.000E+1

1.150E+2

6.400E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Lung Inflated

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+6

2.000E+2

1.258E+3

7.000E-2

Porcine (In vivo-inflated)

1.000E+7

5.000E+1

1.977E+2

1.100E-1

@ 34-36 degC

2.500E+7

3.000E+1

9.347E+1

1.300E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

1.200E+1

2.696E+1

1.500E-1

1.000E+4

5.000E+4

2.517E+5

1.400E-1

1.000E+5

1.000E+4

3.955E+4

2.200E-1

Feline (In vivo-deflated)

1.000E+6

1.500E+3

5.752E+3

3.200E-1

@ 34 degC

1.000E+7

2.500E+2

8.628E+2

4.800E-1

Suroweic et al, 1987

1.000E+8

5.000E+1

1.150E+2

6.400E-1

1.000E+1

2.500E+7

1.600E+8

8.900E-2

1.000E+2

4.500E+5

1.654E+7

9.200E-2

Canine (In situ-inflated)

1.000E+3

8.500E+4

1.726E+6

9.600E-2

Schwan & Kay, 1957

1.000E+4

2.500E+4

1.977E+5

1.100E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Muscle

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+1

1.600E+7

5.123E+8

2.850E-1

1.000E+2

1.200E+7

5.752E+7

3.200E-1

Rat Parallel (In vivo) @ 37 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+3

2.800E+6

9.077E+6

5.050E-1

Gielen et al, 1984

1.000E+4

6.400E+4

1.474E+6

8.200E-1

1.000E+5

2.045E+4

1.977E+5

1.100E+0

1.000E+2

1.200E+6

9.886E+7

5.500E-1

1.000E+3

2.700E+5

9.886E+6

5.500E-1

Canine Parallel @ 36-38 degC

1.000E+4

8.000E+4

1.043E+6

5.800E-1

Epstein & Foster, 1983

1.000E+5

1.100E+4

1.222E+5

6.800E-1

1.000E+6

8.000E+2

1.438E+4

8.000E-1

1.000E+1

5.800E+7

8.089E+7

4.500E-2

1.000E+2

7.100E+6

2.337E+7

1.300E-1

Bovine Parallel @ 20 degC

1.000E+3

2.900E+5

2.696E+6

1.500E-1

Bodakian & Hart, 1994

1.000E+4

6.300E+4

3.236E+5

1.800E-1

1.000E+5

9.300E+3

4.674E+4

2.600E-1

1.000E+1

1.000E+7

1.869E+8

1.040E-1

1.000E+2

8.000E+5

2.049E+7

1.140E-1

Canine (In situ)

1.000E+3

1.300E+5

2.211E+6

1.230E-1

Schwan 1956, 57, 63

1.000E+4

5.500E+4

2.373E+5

1.320E-1

1.000E+1

6.400E+6

3.325E+8

1.850E-1

1.000E+2

4.500E+6

3.775E+7

2.100E-1

Rat Transverse (In vivo)

1.000E+3

4.300E+5

4.314E+6

2.400E-1

@ 37 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+4

9.500E+4

5.393E+5

3.000E-1

Gielen et al,1984

1.000E+5

4.200E+4

1.079E+5

6.000E-1

1.000E+2

3.700E+5

1.438E+7

8.000E-2

1.000E+3

1.300E+5

1.438E+6

8.000E-2

Canine Transverse @ 36-38 degC

1.000E+4

7.500E+4

2.157E+5

1.200E-1

Epstein & Foster,1983

1.000E+5

3.100E+4

5.752E+4

3.200E-1

1.000E+6

3.500E+3

1.043E+4

5.800E-1

1.000E+1

3.500E+7

6.291E+7

3.500E-2

1.000E+2

2.700E+6

1.258E+7

7.000E-2

Bovine Transverse @ 20 degC

1.000E+3

1.400E+5

1.438E+6

8.000E-2

Bodakian & Hart,1994

1.000E+4

4.300E+4

1.708E+5

9.500E-2

1.000E+5

1.700E+4

2.517E+4

1.400E-1

2.000E+8

6.958E+1

8.269E+1

9.200E-1

4.000E+8

6.851E+1

4.359E+1

9.700E-1

6.000E+8

6.807E+1

3.146E+1

1.050E+0

8.000E+8

6.442E+1

2.629E+1

1.170E+0

Frog (In vivo) @ 22 degC

1.000E+9

6.365E+1

2.319E+1

1.290E+0

Schwartz & Mealing, 1985

2.000E+9

5.693E+1

1.564E+1

1.740E+0

4.000E+9

5.396E+1

1.685E+1

3.750E+0

6.000E+9

5.076E+1

2.061E+1

6.880E+0

8.000E+9

4.721E+1

2.328E+1

1.036E+1

1.000E+5

1.520E+4

7.370E+4

4.100E-1

1.000E+6

2.080E+3

1.079E+4

6.000E-1

1.000E+7

1.680E+2

1.294E+3

7.200E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.010E+2

5.393E+2

7.500E-1

Stoy et al,1982

5.000E+7

7.600E+1

2.768E+2

7.700E-1

1.000E+8

6.700E+1

1.402E+2

7.800E-1

1.000E+5

2.605E+4

1.043E+5

5.800E-1

1.000E+6

2.495E+3

1.510E+4

8.400E-1

1.000E+7

1.960E+2

1.690E+3

9.400E-1

Rat @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.300E+2

6.974E+2

9.700E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

5.000E+7

1.010E+2

3.559E+2

9.900E-1

1.000E+8

9.000E+1

1.887E+2

1.050E+0

1.000E+8

7.260E+1

1.744E+2

9.700E-1

9.000E+8

5.690E+1

2.536E+1

1.270E+0

Rat (In vivo) @ 31 degC ±1 degC

5.000E+9

5.100E+1

1.826E+1

5.080E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

1.000E+10

4.380E+1

2.062E+1

1.147E+1

1.000E+8

6.800E+1

1.618E+2

9.000E-1

9.000E+8

5.850E+1

2.397E+1

1.200E+0

Feline (In vivo) @ 33 degC ±1 degC

4.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.573E+1

3.500E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.050E+1

1.438E+1

6.400E+0

1.000E+3

1.300E+6

2.966E+6

1.650E-1

1.000E+4

1.200E+5

4.314E+5

2.400E-1

Frog (In vivo)

1.000E+5

1.200E+4

6.291E+4

3.500E-1

Hart & Dunfee, 1993

1.000E+6

7.000E+2

7.100E+3

3.950E-1

1.000E+8

7.200E+1

1.798E+2

1.000E+0

2.000E+8

6.100E+1

8.988E+1

1.000E+0

5.000E+8

5.700E+1

3.595E+1

1.000E+0

Canine @ 25 degC

1.000E+9

5.500E+1

1.995E+1

1.110E+0

Schwan & Foster, 1977

3.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.198E+1

2.000E+0

5.000E+9

4.200E+1

1.402E+1

3.900E+0

1.000E+10

4.000E+1

2.193E+1

1.220E+1

1.000E+6

1.900E+3

1.043E+4

5.800E-1

1.000E+7

9.000E+1

1.204E+3

6.700E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

2.500E+7

5.000E+1

5.033E+2

7.000E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

3.900E+1

1.384E+2

7.700E-1

1.000E+4

8.800E+4

4.494E+5

2.500E-1

1.000E+5

1.580E+4

7.190E+4

4.000E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 32.1 degC ±2 degC

1.000E+6

1.900E+3

1.132E+4

6.300E-1

Suroweic et al, 1986

1.000E+7

1.300E+2

1.312E+3

7.300E-1

1.000E+8

6.000E+1

1.492E+2

8.300E-1

1.000E+8

7.274E+1

1.276E+2

7.100E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

5.197E+1

2.031E+1

1.130E+0

Xu et al, 1987

1.000E+10

3.523E+1

3.188E+2

1.951E+1

4.000E+10

2.500E+1

3.370E+1

7.500E+1

Rat (In vivo) @ 37 degC

9.000E+10

2.000E+1

1.198E+1

6.000E+1

Edrich & Hardee, 1976

5.000E+7

7.350E+1

2.193E+2

6.100E-1

1.000E+8

6.300E+1

1.114E+2

6.200E-1

Human @ 23-25 degC

5.000E+8

5.240E+1

2.588E+1

7.200E-1

Joines et al,1994

9.000E+8

5.200E+1

1.837E+1

9.200E-1

4.000E+7

9.800E+1

3.550E+2

7.900E-1

1.000E+8

6.900E+1

1.564E+2

8.700E-1

Human

1.000E+9

5.000E+1

2.391E+1

1.330E+0

Schwan, 1955

1.000E+10

4.000E+1

1.497E+1

8.330E+0

1.000E+8

6.000E+1

6.651E+1

3.700E-1

Rat @ 30 degC

1.000E+9

4.300E+1

1.582E+1

8.800E-1

Joines et al, 1980

2.000E+9

4.300E+1

1.052E+1

1.170E+0

1.000E+8

7.800E+1

8.269E+1

4.600E-1

Rat (In vivo) @ 31 degC

1.000E+9

6.400E+1

1.168E+1

6.500E-1

Burdette et al, 1980

2.000E+9

6.100E+1

9.617E+0

1.070E+0

1.000E+8

6.600E+1

8.269E+1

4.600E-1

Canine (In vivo) @ 34 degC

1.000E+9

4.900E+1

8.448E+0

4.700E-1

Burdette et al, 1980

2.000E+9

4.700E+1

6.651E+0

7.400E-1

1.090E+6

3.002E+3

8.560E+3

5.200E-1

3.950E+6

6.060E+2

2.816E+3

6.200E-1

1.190E+7

1.839E+2

1.027E+3

6.800E-1

3.610E+7

9.700E+1

3.707E+2

7.400E-1

1.090E+8

6.660E+1

1.336E+2

8.100E-1

3.950E+8

5.430E+1

4.260E+1

9.400E-1

Ovine @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

4.970E+1

1.880E+1

1.250E+0

Gabriel et al, 1994

1.300E+8

6.217E+1

1.134E+2

8.200E-1

3.940E+8

5.479E+1

4.202E+1

9.200E-1

1.080E+9

5.113E+1

1.990E+1

1.190E+0

3.990E+9

4.616E+1

1.539E+1

3.420E+0

1.090E+10

3.500E+1

2.023E+1

1.230E+1

2.000E+10

2.533E+1

2.171E+1

2.415E+1

2.500E+7

1.030E+2

3.379E+2

4.700E-1

5.000E+7

8.500E+1

1.833E+2

5.100E-1

1.000E+8

7.100E+1

1.007E+2

5.600E-1

Porcine & Bovine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.150E+2

3.883E+2

5.400E-1

Osswald, 1937

5.000E+7

9.700E+1

2.085E+2

5.800E-1

1.000E+8

7.600E+1

1.168E+2

6.500E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Pancreas

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+5

1.000E+4

5.393E+4

3.000E-1

3.000E+5

5.800E+3

2.097E+4

3.500E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

1.000E+6

2.300E+3

7.729E+3

4.300E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

1.000E+7

3.200E+2

1.079E+3

6.000E-1

1.000E+8

8.500E+1

1.528E+2

8.500E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Skin (Dry)

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+8

4.880E+1

8.170E+1

4.540E-1

Human (In vivo-temple)

5.000E+8

3.700E+1

1.970E+1

5.480E-1

Grant et al, 1988

1.000E+9

3.470E+1

1.090E+1

3.030E-1

3.000E+5

1.300E+3

5.992E+2

1.000E-2

1.000E+6

1.000E+3

4.494E+2

2.500E-2

Human (In vivo)

1.000E+7

3.280E+2

3.595E+2

2.000E-1

Tamura et al, 1994

1.000E+8

5.900E+1

7.729E+1

4.300E-1

1.000E+9

3.300E+1

1.240E+1

6.900E-1

1.000E+1

6.350E+3

2.696E+4

1.500E-5

1.000E+2

3.275E+3

3.775E+3

2.100E-5

Human (stratum corneum-

1.000E+3

2.150E+3

7.370E+2

4.100E-5

associated with dry values)

1.000E+4

1.630E+3

2.157E+2

1.200E-4

Yamamoto & Yamamoto, 1976

1.000E+5

1.370E+3

1.096E+2

6.100E-4

1.000E+6

4.320E+2

3.595E+2

2.000E-2

1.000E+8

5.090E+1

5.910E+1

3.290E-1

Human (In vivo-neck)

5.000E+8

3.270E+1

1.530E+1

4.260E-1

Grant et al, 1988

1.000E+9

3.020E+1

8.600E+0

2.390E-1

1.000E+8

4.860E+1

6.090E+1

3.390E-1

Human (In vivo-abdomen)

5.000E+8

3.390E+1

1.570E+1

4.370E-1

Grant et al, 1988

1.000E+9

3.170E+1

8.900E+0

2.480E-1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Skin (Wet)

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+8

3.830E+1

5.033E+1

2.800E-1

Canine @20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

4.105E+1

1.150E+1

6.400E-1

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

2.519E+1

1.686E+1

1.032E+1

1.000E+7

1.330E+2

1.492E+3

8.300E-1

Human (excised) @ 20 degC

3.160E+7

1.030E+2

5.176E+2

9.100E-1

Bhattacherjee et al, 1995

1.000E+8

6.300E+1

2.588E+2

1.440E+0

1.000E+1

7.565E+5

3.955E+8

2.200E-1

1.000E+2

4.037E+5

4.134E+7

2.300E-1

Human (granular associated

1.000E+3

1.874E+5

4.494E+6

2.500E-1

with wet values)

1.000E+4

1.072E+5

5.033E+5

2.800E-1

Yamamoto & Yamamoto, 1976

1.000E+5

2.656E+4

6.112E+4

3.400E-1

1.000E+6

2.850E+3

9.347E+3

5.200E-1

1.780E+9

4.560E+1

1.945E+1

1.926E+0

2.980E+9

4.450E+1

1.354E+1

2.244E+0

Human (excised) @ 37 degC

3.580E+9

4.425E+1

1.284E+1

2.557E+0

Cook, 1952

4.630E+9

4.153E+1

1.400E+1

3.606E+0

9.430E+9

3.550E+1

1.600E+1

8.394E+0

Human (excised) @ 37 degC

2.362E+10

2.300E+1

1.300E+1

1.708E+1

England, 1950





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Spleen

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

5.000E+7

1.350E+2

2.373E+2

6.600E-1

Porcine & Bovine @ 37 degC

5.000E+7

1.400E+2

2.804E+2

7.800E-1

Osswald,1937

1.000E+4

2.181E+4

1.618E+5

9.000E-2

1.000E+5

5.319E+3

1.977E+4

1.100E-1

Bovine @ 25 degC

1.000E+6

1.346E+3

3.236E+3

1.800E-1

Surowiec et al, 1985

1.000E+7

2.830E+2

6.112E+2

3.400E-1

1.000E+8

5.500E+1

1.079E+2

6.000E-1

1.000E+6

1.800E+3

3.595E+3

2.000E-1

Porcine (In vivo) @ 34-36 degC

1.000E+7

3.100E+2

8.628E+2

4.800E-1

Hahn et al, 1980

1.000E+8

4.300E+1

1.348E+2

7.500E-1

1.000E+4

1.800E+4

2.157E+5

1.200E-1

1.000E+5

4.500E+3

2.876E+4

1.600E-1

Feline (In vivo)

1.000E+6

2.000E+3

4.314E+3

2.400E-1

@ 34.2 degC ±0.8 degC

1.000E+7

4.200E+2

9.707E+2

5.400E-1

Suroweic et al, 1986

1.000E+8

6.500E+1

1.420E+2

7.900E-1

1.000E+4

5.087E+4

2.517E+5

1.400E-1

1.000E+5

9.200E+3

2.696E+4

1.500E-1

Human @ 36.8 degC

1.000E+6

1.940E+3

4.314E+3

2.400E-1

Suroweic et al,1987

1.000E+7

4.510E+2

8.269E+2

4.600E-1

1.000E+8

7.630E+1

1.887E+2

1.050E+0

1.000E+8

8.870E+1

1.528E+2

8.500E-1

9.000E+8

5.520E+1

2.417E+1

1.210E+0

Rat (In vivo) @ 32 degC ±1 degC

5.000E+9

4.980E+1

1.596E+1

4.440E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

1.000E+10

4.070E+1

1.823E+1

1.014E+1

1.000E+8

8.100E+1

1.438E+2

8.000E-1

9.000E+8

5.400E+1

2.237E+1

1.120E+0

Feline (In vivo) @ 36 degC

4.000E+9

5.000E+1

1.393E+1

3.100E+0

Kraszewski et al, 1982

8.000E+9

4.400E+1

1.416E+1

6.300E+0

1.000E+3

8.600E+4

1.258E+6

7.000E-2

1.000E+4

2.800E+4

1.618E+5

9.000E-2

Canine @ 22-24 degC

1.000E+5

5.800E+3

2.157E+4

1.200E-1

Astbury et al, 1988

1.000E+6

2.300E+3

3.595E+3

2.000E-1

1.000E+7

5.800E+2

9.527E+2

5.300E-1

1.000E+7

3.980E+2

9.527E+2

5.300E-1

Feline @ 35 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+8

7.500E+1

1.330E+2

7.400E-1

Stuchly et al, 1981

1.000E+9

4.700E+1

1.959E+1

1.090E+0

1.000E+5

3.260E+3

2.229E+2

6.200E-1

1.000E+6

1.450E+3

1.132E+4

6.300E-1

1.000E+7

3.210E+2

1.510E+3

8.400E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.800E+2

6.687E+2

9.300E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

5.000E+7

1.100E+2

3.559E+2

9.900E-1

1.000E+8

8.300E+1

1.887E+2

1.050E+0

3.000E+5

1.630E+3

6.786E+3

1.133E-1

1.089E+6

2.706E+3

3.456E+3

2.094E-1

3.955E+6

9.471E+2

1.638E+3

3.605E-1

1.089E+7

3.965E+2

8.396E+2

5.088E-1

3.955E+7

1.355E+2

3.106E+2

6.833E-1

1.089E+8

7.957E+1

1.291E+2

7.825E-1

3.955E+8

6.172E+1

4.132E+1

9.090E-1

Human @ 37 degC

1.089E+9

5.736E+1

1.965E+1

1.191E+0

Current study measurements

3.000E+9

5.026E+1

1.738E+1

2.901E+0

1.300E+8

7.674E+1

1.085E+2

7.848E-1

3.936E+8

6.364E+1

4.127E+1

9.037E-1

1.025E+9

5.950E+1

2.037E+1

1.161E+0

3.992E+9

5.399E+1

1.694E+1

3.761E+0

1.039E+10

4.072E+1

2.338E+1

1.352E+1

2.000E+10

2.861E+1

2.307E+1

2.567E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Stomach

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+7

4.900E+2

1.384E+3

7.700E-1

Feline (In vivo-smooth muscle)

1.000E+8

8.500E+1

1.726E+2

9.600E-1

@ 35 degC ±0.5 degC

1.000E+9

6.200E+1

2.391E+1

1.330E+0

Stuchly et al,1981





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

Vitreous Humour

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

1.000E+8

7.000E+1

3.002E+2

1.670E+0

1.000E+9

7.000E+1

3.595E+1

2.000E+0

Bovine

3.000E+9

7.000E+1

1.798E+1

3.000E+0

Schwan, 1958

1.000E+10

6.200E+1

3.200E+1

1.780E+1





Frequency (Hz)

Properties

White Matter

Permittivity

Loss Factor

Conductivity

(S/m)

3.000E+9

3.540E+1

9.587E+0

1.600E+0

4.000E+9

3.440E+1

9.886E+0

2.200E+0

8.000E+9

3.140E+1

1.213E+1

5.400E+0

Rabbit @ 37 degC

1.000E+10

3.080E+1

1.222E+1

6.800E+0

Steel & Sheppard, 1985

1.400E+10

2.880E+1

1.271E+1

9.900E+0

1.800E+10

1.990E+1

1.378E+1

1.380E+1

1.000E+5

2.680E+3

2.517E+4

1.400E-1

1.000E+6

6.850E+2

3.056E+3

1.700E-1

1.000E+7

1.860E+2

4.494E+2

2.500E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

2.500E+7

1.220E+2

2.085E+2

2.900E-1

Stoy et al, 1982

5.000E+7

8.500E+1

1.294E+2

3.600E-1

1.000E+8

6.200E+1

7.550E+1

4.200E-1

2.000E+8

6.600E+1

3.865E+1

4.300E-1

Canine (In situ-pia mater)

1.000E+9

5.700E+1

2.337E+1

1.300E+0

@ 36 degC

4.000E+9

4.800E+1

1.308E+1

2.910E+0

Burdette et al, 1986

1.000E+8

5.986E+1

6.291E+1

3.500E-1

Canine @ 20 degC ±1 degC

1.000E+9

4.119E+1

1.420E+1

7.900E-1

Xu et al, 1987

1.100E+10

2.310E+1

1.337E+1

8.180E+0

1.000E+5

1.400E+3

3.595E+4

2.000E-1

1.000E+6

4.000E+2

2.157E+3

1.200E-1

Bovine @ 24-25 degC

1.000E+7

1.150E+2

2.876E+2

1.600E-1

Suroweic et al, 1986

1.000E+8

5.800E+1

5.033E+1

2.800E-1

1.000E+7

1.890E+2

4.674E+2

2.600E-1

Feline (In vivo) @ 33 degC

1.000E+8

6.200E+1

8.269E+1

4.600E-1

Stuchley et al, 1981

1.000E+9

3.800E+1

1.438E+1

8.000E-1

1.000E+7

2.000E+2

5.051E+2

2.810E-1

Canine @ 37 degC

1.000E+8

6.800E+1

8.502E+1

4.730E-1

Foster et al 1979 (Stuchly & Stuchly, 1980)

1.000E+10

3.000E+1

1.110E+1

6.175E+0

1.090E+6

7.893E+2

1.246E+3

8.000E-2

3.950E+6

3.093E+2

5.047E+2

1.100E-1

1.190E+7

1.497E+2

2.369E+2

1.600E-1

3.610E+7

8.541E+1

1.121E+2

2.200E-1

1.090E+8

5.266E+1

5.200E+1

3.200E-1

3.950E+8

3.671E+1

2.036E+1

4.500E-1

Ovine @ 37 degC

1.190E+9

3.237E+1

9.770E+0

6.500E-1

Current study measurements

1.300E+8

4.832E+1

5.130E+1

3.700E-1

3.940E+8

3.760E+1

2.151E+1

4.700E-1

1.080E+9

3.405E+1

1.059E+1

6.400E-1

3.990E+9

3.135E+1

8.430E+0

1.870E+0

1.090E+10

2.464E+1

1.239E+1

7.540E+0

2.000E+10

2.067E+1

1.259E+1

1.400E+1

3.000E+5

1.307E+3

8.293E+3

1.387E-1

1.089E+6

7.877E+2

3.000E+3

1.817E-1

3.955E+6

3.137E+2

1.017E+3

2.240E-1

1.089E+7

1.673E+2

4.437E+2

2.687E-1

3.955E+7

8.287E+1

1.570E+2

3.450E-1

1.089E+8

5.477E+1

7.017E+1

4.253E-1

3.955E+8

4.043E+1

2.497E+1

5.497E-1

Human @ 37 degC

1.089E+9

3.613E+1

1.277E+1

7.723E-1

Current study measurements

3.000E+9

3.170E+1

1.057E+1

1.763E+0

1.300E+8

5.120E+1

5.801E+1

4.195E-1

3.936E+8

3.889E+1

2.414E+1

5.287E-1

1.025E+9

3.548E+1

1.220E+1

6.955E-1

3.992E+9

3.238E+1

8.875E+0

1.971E+0

1.039E+10

2.593E+1

1.210E+1

6.993E+0

2.000E+10

1.989E+1

1.206E+1

1.342E+1




REFERENCES CITED

1. Alison, J.M. and Sheppard, R.J., 1993, Dielectric properties of human blood at microwave frequencies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 38, 7, 971-978.

2. Astbury, J.C., Goldschmidt, M.H., Evans, S.M., Niebauer, G.W. and Foster, K.R., 1988, The dielectric properties of canine normal and neoplastic splenic tissues, IEEE, 107-108.

3. Bhattacherjee, A. B., Chaudhury, K. and Bajaj, M. M., 1995, The dielectric parameters of skin tissues and their change during thermal burn injuries between 1 and 100 MHz, Physica Medica, 11, 1, 27-32.

4. Bodakian, B. and Hart, F. X., 1994, The dielectric properties of meat, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1, 2, 181-187.

5. Burdette, E. C., Cain, F. L. and Seals, J., 1980, In vivo probe measurement technique for determining dielectric properties at VHF through Microwave frequencies, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT28, 4, 414-427.

6. Burdette, E. C., Friederich, P. G., Seaman, R. L. and Larsen, L. E., 1986, In situ Permittivity of Canine Brain: Regional Variations and Postmortem Changes, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT34, 1, 38-49.

7. Cook, H., 1952, A comparison of the dielectric behaviour of pure water and human blood at microwave frequencies., British Journal of Applied Physics, 3, 249-255.

8. Cook, H.F., 1951, The dielectric behaviour of some types of human tissues at microwave frequencies., British Journal of Applied Physics, 2, 295-300.

9. de Mercato, G. and Garcia-Sanchez, F. J., 1988, Dielectric properties of fluid-saturated bone: A comparison between diaphysis and epiphysis, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 26, 3, 313-316.

10. de Mercato, G. and Garcia-Sanchez, F. J., 1992, Correlation between low-frequency electric conductivity and permittivity in the diaphysis of bovine femoral bone, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 39, 5, 523-526.

11. Duck, F. A., 1990, Physical properties of tissue:A comprehensive reference book, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers.

12. Durney, C.H., Massoudi, H. and Iskander, M.F., 1986, Radiofrequency radiation dosimetry handbook, Brooks Air Force Base- USAFSAM-TR-85-73.

13. Edrich, J. and Hardee, P.C., 1976, Complex permittivity and penetration depth of muscle and fat tissues between 40 and 90 GHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 273-275.

14. England, T. S., 1950, Dielectric Properties of the Human Body for Wavelengths in the 1-10 cm range, Nature, 166, 480-481.

15. Epstein, B. R. and Foster, K. R., 1983, Anisotropy in the dielecric properties of skeletal muscle, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 21, 51-55.

16. Foster, K. R. and Schwan, H. P., 1989, Dielectric properties of tissues and biological materials: A critical review, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 17, 1, 25-104.

17. Gabriel, C., Chan, T. Y. A. and Grant, E. H., 1994, Admittance models for open ended coaxial probes and their place in dielectric spectroscopy, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 39, 12, 2183-2200.

18. Gabriel, C., Grant, E.H. and Young, I.R., 1986, Use of time domain spectroscopy for measuring dielectric properties with a coaxial probe, Phys. E. Sci., Instrum., 19, 843.

19. Gabriel, C., Sheppard, R. J. and Grant, E. H., 1983, Dielectric properties of ocular tissues at 37 degC, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 28, 43-49.

20. Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W. and Gabriel, C., 1995, The Dielectric Properties of Biological Tissues: 2. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 41, 11, 2251-2269.

21. Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W. and Gabriel, C., 1995, The Dielectric Properties of Biological Tissues: 3. Models for the frequency dependence, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 41, 11, 2271-2293.

22. Geddes, L. A. and Barker, L. E., 1967, The specific resistance of biological material - a compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist., Medical and Biological Engineering, 5, 271-293.

23. Gielen, F. L. H., Wallinga-de Jonge, W. and Boon, K. L., 1984, Electrical conductivity of skeletal muscle tissue: Experimental results from different muscles in vivo, Medical and Biological Engineering, 22, 569-577.

24. Grant, J. P., Clarke, R. N., Symm, G. T. and Spyrou, N. M., 1988, In vivo dielectric properties of human skin from 50 MHz to 2.0 GHz, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 33, 5, 607-612.

25. Hahn, G. M., Kernahan, P., Martinez, A., Pounds, D. and Prionas, S., 1980, Some heat transfer problems associated with heating by ultrasound, microwaves or radio frequency, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 327-345.

26. Hart, F. X. and Dunfee, W. R., 1993, In vivo measurement of the low-frequency dielectric spectra of frog skeletal muscle, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 38, 1099-1112.

27. Joines, W. T., Jirtle, R. L., Rafal, M. D. and Schaefer, D. J., 1980, Microwave power absorption differences between normal and malignant tissue., Radiation Oncology in Biology Physics, 6, 681-687.

28. Joines, W.T., Zhang, Y., Li, C. and Jirtle, R.L., 1994, The measured electrical properties of normal and malignant human tissues from 50 to 900 MHz, Medical Physics, 21, 4, 547-550.

29. Kosterich, J. D., Foster, K. R. and Pollack, S. R., 1983, Dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity of fluid saturated bone, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 30, 2, 81-86.

30. Kraszewski, A., Stuchly, S. S., Stuchly, M. A. and Smith, A. M., 1982, In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties on animal tissues at radio frequencies., Bioelectromagnetics, 3, 421-432.

31. Kyber, J.; Hangsen, H. and Piquett, F., 1992, Dielectric properties of biological tissue at low temperatures demonstrated on fatty tissue, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 37, 8, 1675-1688.

32. Land, D.V. and Campbell, A.M., 1992, A quick accurate method for measuring the microwave dielectric properties of small tissue samples, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 37, 1, 183-192.

33. Osswald, K., 1937, Messung der Leitfahigkeit und Dielektrizitatkonstante biologischer Gewebe und Flussigkeiten bei kurzen Wellen, Hochfrequenz Tech Elektroakustik, 49, 40-50.

34. Pethig, R., 1984, Dielectric properties of biologicl materials: Biophysical and medical applications., IEEE transactions on electrical insulation., EI-19, 5, 453-473.

35. Pethig, R. and Kell, D. B., 1987, The Passive electrical properties of biological systems: their significance in physiology, biophysics, and biotechnology, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 32, 8, 933-970.

36. Pfutzner, H., 1984, Dielectric analysis of blood by means of a raster-electrode technique, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 22, 2, 142-146.

37. Reddy, G. N. and Saha, S., 1984, Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Wet Bone as a function of frequency, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 31, 3, 296-302.

38. Rigaud, B., Hamzaoui, L., Chauveau, N., Granie, M., Di Rinaldi, J. S. and Morucci, J., 1994, Tissue characterization by impedance: A multifrequency approach, Physiological Measurements, 15, A13-A20.

39. Saha, S. and Williams, P. A., 1989, Electric and dielectric properties of wet human cancellous bone as a function of frequency, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 17, 2, 143-158.

40. Schwan, H. P., 1955, Application of UHF impedance measuring techniques in biophysics, IRE Transactions on Instrumentation, PGI4, 75-83.

41. Schwan, H. P., 1956, Electrical properties measured with alternating currents; body tissues., In W. S. Spector (ed.) Handbook of Biological Data, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co.

42. Schwan, H. P., 1957, Electrical properties of tissues and cell suspensions., Advanced Physics in Medicine and Biology, 5, 147-209.

43. Schwan, H. P., 1958, Microwave absorption characteristics of body tissues, presented at the Second Tri-Service Conference, July 1958.

44. Schwan, H. P., 1963, Electrical characteristics of tissues: A survey., Biophysik, 1, 198-208.

45. Schwan, H. P. and Foster, K. R., 1977, Microwave dielectric properties of tissue. Some comments on the rotational mobility of tissue water, Biophysical Journal, 17, 193-197.

46. Schwan, H. P. and Foster, K. R., 1980, RF-Field interactions with biological systems: Electrical properties and biophysical mechanisms., Proceedings of the IEEE, 68, 1, 104-113.

47. Schwan, H.P. and Kay, C.F., 1957, Capacitive properties of body tissues, Circulation Research, 5, 439-443.

48. Schwartz, J.L. and Mealing, G.A.R., 1985, Dielectric properties of frog tissues in vivo and in vitro, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 2, 117-124.

49. Smith, S. R., and Foster, K. R., 1985, Dielectric properties of low-water-content tissues, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 9, 965-973.

50. Smith, S. R., Foster, R. and Wolf, G. L., 1986, Dielectric properties of VX-2 Carcinoma versus normal liver tissue, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 33, 5, 522-524.

51. Steel, M. C. and Sheppard, R. J., 1985, Dielectric properties of mammalian brain tissue between 1 and 18 GHz., Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 7, 621-630.

52. Steel, M. C. and Sheppard, R. J., 1986, Dielectric properties of lens tissue at microwave frequency, Bioelectromagnetics, 7, 73-81.

53. Stoy, D., Foster, K. R. and Schwan, H. P., 1982, Dielectric properties of mammalian tissues from 0.1 to 100MHz: a summary of recent data, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 27, 4, 501-513.

54. Stuchley, M. A. , et al., 1981, Dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivoat frequencies 10MHz-1GHz, Bioelectromagnetics, 1, 93-103.

55. Stuchly, M. A. and Stuchly, S. S., 1980, Dielectric properties of biological substances - tabulated, Journal of Microwave Power, 15, 1, 19-26.

56. Surowiec, A. J., Stuchly, S. S., Keaney, M. and Swarup, A., 1987, Dielectric polarization of animal lung at radio frequencies, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 34, 1, 62-67.

57. Surowiec, A. J., Stuchly, S. S., Keaney, M. and Swarup, A., 1986, In vivo and in vitro dielectric of feline tissues at low radio frequencies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 31, 8, 901-909.

58. Surowiec, A., Stuchly, S. and Swarup, A., 1986, Postmortem changes of the dielectric properties of bovine brain tissues at low radiofrequencies, Bioelectromagnetics, 7, 31-43.

59. Surowiec, A., Stuchly, S. S. and Swarup, A., 1985, Radiofrequency dielectric properties of animal tissues as a function of time following death, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 10, 1131-1141.

60. Surowiec, A., Stuchly, S. S., Eidus, L. and Swarup, A., 1987, In vitro dielectric properties of human tissues at radiofrequencies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 32, 5, 615-621.

61. Surowiec, A., Stuchly, S. S., Keaney, M. and Swarup, A., 1986, In vivo and in vitro dielectric properties of feline tissues at low radiofrequencies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 31, 8, 901-909.

62. Tamura, T., Tenhunen, M., Lahtinen, T., Repo, T. and Schwan, H. P., 1994, Modelling of the dielectric properties of normal and irradiated skin, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 39, 6, 927-936.

63. Thurai, M., Goodridge, V. D., Sheppard, R. J. and Grant, E. H., 1984, Variation with age of the dielectric properties of mouse brain cerebrum, Physics in Medicine and Biology, 29, 9, 1133-1136.

64. Thurai, M., Steel, M. C., Sheppard, R. J. and Grant, E. H., 1985, Dielectric properties of developing rabbit brain at 37 degC, Bioelectromagnetics, 6, 235-242.

65. Wei, Yan-Zen, Chiang, Ping, and Sridhar, S., 1992, Ion size effects on the dynamic and static properties of aqueous alkali solutions., Journal of Chemistry in Physics, 96, 6, 4569.

66. Xu, D., Liu, L. and Jiang, Z., 1987, Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of Biological Substances Using an Improved Open-ended Coaxial Line Resonator method, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT35, 12, 1424-1428.

67. Yamamoto, T. and Yamamoto, Y., 1976, Electrical properties of the epidermal stratum corneum, Medical and Biological Engineering, 151-158.


Pages written by Sami Gabriel

Last updated 6 November 1997

Please send comments and suggestions to Sami Gabriel or Patrick Mason