TABLE 4.4. Electrical-Field Effects On Membranes
Summary of various field effects on membranes (some established, some proposed). V_M is the field-induced membrane potential; E, corresponding field strength in situ. E and V_M are interrelated byV_M = 1.5 ER (for spherical cells).

		Vm		E, in situ
Membrane destruction		100-300mV
Action potential (excitation)		10 mV		1 V/cm
Subtle effects		0.1-1mV
Extraordinary sensitivities
A. Related to membranes		0.1 µV		0.01 µV/cm
B. Possibly not related to membranes		< 1 nV		0.1 µV/cm
Microwave sensitivities (1 GHz)		1 µV*		1 V/cm

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* From V_M = 1.5 ER